Which of the following is NOT an element of negligent state torts?

Negligent state torts primarily focus on the failure to exercise reasonable care, which can result in harm to others. The elements of a negligent tort typically include a duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a breach of that duty (which can be viewed as the action or inaction), the actual injury or harm that results from the breach, and the loss or damage that occurs as a result of that injury.

The element that is not considered a separate requirement in this context is the specific notion of "action." While actions can certainly be part of negligent conduct, the framework for negligence hinges on the duty, breach of that duty, and the resulting harm and damages. Therefore, the concept of "action" does not stand as an independent element of negligent torts in the way that the other elements do. Understanding this distinction is crucial for identifying the components of negligence and how they interact within tort law.